Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is a sudden decline in kidney function that occurs over a short period, typically hours to days. This condition results in the kidneys’ inability to filter waste products, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulate acid–base levels. AKI can develop due to various causes, including dehydration, severe infections, obstruction of urine flow, reactions to certain medications, or reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to cardiac or circulatory problems. The condition is commonly seen in hospital settings, especially in critically ill patients, but can also develop in otherwise healthy individuals after a severe illness or injury.
Clinically, AKI may present with symptoms such as reduced urine output, swelling in the legs or face, fatigue, confusion, nausea, or shortness of breath. However, in many cases, AKI may be silent and detectable only through blood tests showing elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Doctors categorize AKI into prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal types based on the root cause. Prerenal AKI results from inadequate blood flow to the kidneys. Intrinsic AKI occurs due to direct damage to kidney tissues. Postrenal AKI develops when urine flow is blocked due to kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, avoiding harmful medications, and supporting kidney function. In severe cases, temporary dialysis may be needed to remove waste products and stabilize the patient. Most patients recover fully if treated early, but delayed care may lead to permanent kidney damage or progression to chronic kidney disease.
