End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), also known as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), is the final and most severe stage of chronic kidney disease, in which the kidneys lose nearly all of their filtering capacity. At this stage, the kidneys function at less than 15% of their normal capacity, making it impossible for the body to eliminate toxins, regulate electrolytes, and maintain fluid balance. ESKD is usually the result of long-standing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, genetic kidney disorders, or repeated episodes of kidney damage. This stage requires renal replacement therapy to sustain life.
Patients with ESKD may experience severe symptoms such as persistent fatigue, swelling in the limbs, difficulty breathing, nausea, itching, muscle cramps, poor appetite, changes in urination, and fluid overload. Mental clarity may decline due to toxin buildup, and there is a high risk of complications like heart failure, anemia, weakened bones, and electrolyte imbalances. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests, imaging studies, and assessments of kidney function.
Treatment options for ESKD include dialysis and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis involves filtering the blood using a machine, typically performed several times a week at a dialysis center. Peritoneal dialysis is a home-based treatment that uses the lining of the abdomen to filter blood. Both forms of dialysis help remove toxins and excess fluid but require strict management and lifestyle adjustments. A kidney transplant is considered the most effective long-term solution, offering better quality of life and survival outcomes. However, it requires finding a compatible donor and the use of lifelong medications to prevent rejection.
Alongside medical treatment, patients must follow a controlled diet, restrict fluid intake, manage blood pressure, and attend regular medical check-ups. Emotional and psychological support is also essential for patients and their families, as ESKD can be physically and mentally challenging. With proper treatment and care, many patients with ESKD can lead productive and fulfilling lives despite the severity of the condition.
