Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to inflammation of the glomeruli—the tiny filtering units inside the kidneys. This condition can develop suddenly (acute) or gradually over time (chronic). Treatment depends on the underlying cause, the severity of kidney involvement, and whether the condition is progressing. The primary goals are to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, prevent complications, and preserve long-term kidney function.
For many patients, treating the underlying cause is crucial. If the glomerulonephritis is triggered by an infection—such as streptococcal infection—appropriate antibiotics are prescribed to clear the infection. In cases caused by autoimmune disorders like lupus or IgA nephropathy, the main approach focuses on suppressing the immune response using specific medications.
Immunosuppressive therapy plays a central role in many types of GN. Medicines such as corticosteroids (prednisolone) help reduce inflammation quickly. In more severe or resistant cases, additional immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, or newer biologic agents may be used. These medicines help control the overactive immune response that damages the glomeruli.
Managing blood pressure is essential because even mild hypertension can worsen glomerular damage. Drugs such as ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril) and ARBs (e.g., losartan) are commonly recommended because they not only lower blood pressure but also reduce protein leakage in the urine, offering protective benefits to the kidneys.
Lifestyle modifications also form an important part of treatment. Patients are typically advised to restrict salt intake, follow a kidney-friendly diet, and monitor fluid consumption depending on their kidney function. In some forms of GN where swelling is prominent, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce fluid buildup. If protein levels in the urine are extremely high, dietary protein adjustments may be recommended by a nephrologist or dietitian.
In severe forms of glomerulonephritis, where kidney function declines rapidly or complications arise, more advanced treatments may be required. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) is used in specific conditions such as Goodpasture syndrome or ANCA-associated vasculitis. This procedure removes harmful antibodies from the blood. When the kidneys fail to function adequately despite all interventions, dialysis becomes necessary to filter waste products and excess fluids from the body. In end-stage kidney disease, kidney transplantation is the most definitive treatment option.
Overall, early diagnosis and timely treatment of glomerulonephritis greatly improve outcomes. A personalized approach based on the specific type of GN and the patient’s overall health is essential for protecting kidney function and ensuring long-term wellbeing.
